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Dan Knight - 2005.10.07
Hard drives have been getting bigger, faster, and more affordable as the years go by. At one time, Apple's 5 MB Profile hard drive for the Apple /// was state of the art. Not much later, it was the 10 MB hard drive in the IBM PC XT.
Today we live in a world where a 40 GB drive is considered small, something you'll only find in entry-level systems.
We've also reached the point where FireWire and USB 2.0 have become bottlenecks.
That's the big news out of Bare Feats over the past month. Today's 7200 rpm hard drives are so good at moving data, that the original FireWire specification and USB 2.0 can't move the data as fast as the drive can handle it.
It wasn't too long ago that FireWire 800 (twice as fast as the original FireWire) only seemed reasonable for RAID setups, where multiple drives are streaming data to and from the computer. According to the latest speed tests at Bare Feats, that's even true of 7200 rpm notebook drives today.
Parallel ATA
Most hard drives sold today have a parallel interface, one that moves bits of data down a bunch of different wires. For the most part, those are flat ribbon cables about 2" wide with plastic connectors on each end.
Today's hard drives are descended from the original IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) standard, but over the years that standard has been extended to support faster hard drives and higher capacities. For instance, we've seen Apple go from a 16.7 MBps (megabytes per second) drive bus in the beige G3 to 33 MBps in the blue & white G3 to 66 MBps in the Sawtooth G4 and finally 100 MBps in the Mirror Drive Door G4.
The parallel ATA specification tops out at 133 MBps, although Apple hasn't implemented that in any model to date.
FireWire
Apple invented FireWire, a fast serial bus, to simplify things and speed them up. FireWire debuted on the Mac with the b&w G3 in 1999, and it topped out at 400 Mbps (megabits per second). That's the equivalent of 50 MBps, which is 50% faster than the IDE bus in the b&w G3.
Not that it really mattered, since hard drives were only then squeezing past the 16.7 MBps data rate of the previous parallel ATA specification. Drives got faster, but the standard FireWire port seemed plenty fast for anything except RAID arrays.
The other advantage of FireWire is that the same thin data cable - no more ribbon cables - moves data and provides enough power to run the drive. Apple envisioned FireWire becoming standard for internal drives, not just external ones, and built an internal FireWire port into the Sawtooth G4 motherboards.
As drives got faster, Apple released the FireWire 800 specification, which is twice as fast as the original, now commonly known as FireWire 400. FireWire 800 uses a different connector and is only found on 15" and 17" aluminum PowerBooks, G4 Power Macs that only boot into OS X, G5 Power Macs, and Xserves.
Serial ATA
Apple was on to something with their high speed serial bus, but the rest of the industry passed on FireWire - probably over royalty issues. The new standard for internal hard drives is Serial ATA, which supports 150 Mbps. That's a bit more than Ultra133 and nearly twice as much as FireWire 800.
Today you'll find Serial ATA drives inside the Power Mac G5 and the iMac G5. You'll also find it on a lot of low-end Windows PCs, and I suspect we'll see it in every Intel-based Mac.
As with FireWire, a single cable handles data and power.
USB 1.1 and 2.0
USB was originally envisioned as a replacement for the parallel ports and serial ports that had populated the rear of personal computers since the 1970s. At 12 Mbps, it was fast enough for printers, scanners, and external 4x CD burners. With the original iMac (August 1998), Apple made it their default for mice and keyboards as well.
USB 1.1 was well suited for those applications, but it soon became a bottleneck for scanners, hard drives, and external optical drives. It just wasn't fast enough, so USB 2.0 was invented. With 480 Mbps bandwidth, it's 40x faster than USB 1.1.
Bandwidth Reality
Although USB 2.0 at 480 Mbps sounds faster than FireWire at 400 Mbps, in reality no device on a USB chain can use more than two-thirds of the bandwidth. That means that USB 2.0 throughput tops out at 320 Mbps - 20% slower than FireWire 400.
Apple was late in adopting USB 2.0, rightly seeing it as a competitor to FireWire. Eventually they saw that the entire industry had adopted it, and they've been including it on Macs for the past year or so.
Bare Feats tested USB 2.0 drives against FireWire in May 2004 and found that sustained read and write speeds with USB 2.0 drives were only about half that of the same drives on a FireWire 400 bus on Apple's hardware. (The same report showed FireWire 800 up to 50% faster than 400. It also mentions that USB 2.0 is faster on Windows PCs, where it rivals FireWire 400 for throughput. TechTV did a thorough comparison on Windows PCs and found that FireWire 400 outperformed USB 2.0 by 15-70% depending on the test.)
Where Do We Go from Here?
We have to factor in two different things - maximum data rate of the bus and maximum data rate of the hard drive. Today's 7200 rpm drives serve up data faster than than either USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 can deliver it.
If you're looking for maximum throughput from a single drive, Ultra100 parallel ATA, FireWire 800, and 150 Mbps Serial ATA are plenty fast, and if you're using a 5400 rpm hard drive, you probably won't find Ultra66 or FireWire 400 becoming bottlenecks. (TechTV's tests found 5400 rpm drives were slower over USB 2.0 than FireWire 400, but you'll probably still be happy with USB 2.0 speed.)
For maximum throughput from a RAID array, which is definitely not low-end stuff, look at Serial ATA. Not only does it have nearly twice the bandwidth of FireWire 800, but each drive has a dedicated connection to the computer. Unless you add FireWire 800 cards, all of your FireWire 800 drives have to move data over the same bus.
For all practical purposes, USB 2.0 and FireWire 400 are good standards. They offer half to two-thirds the performance of FireWire 800 and Serial ATA with a single 7200 rpm hard drive, and FireWire 400 has been built into every Mac released since 1999.
For flexibility, we recommend picking a drive enclosure with both FireWire 400 and USB 2.0. You may never need one of those connectors, but you'll only pay a few dollars more for the flexibility. That's what I've been doing over the past year.
For performance, if you're using a 7200 rpm drive and have or may move to a Mac with FireWire 800, consider a drive enclosure that supports FireWire 800 in addition to FireWire 400 and USB 2.0. However, they tend to be more expensive, since fewer Macs have FireWire 800 ports and the industry seems to be moving toward Serial ATA for external drives.
For moving massive amounts of data, FireWire 800 could
conceivably reduce your copy time by one-third - great if you're in
a hurry, but not cheap. Most low-end users will find FireWire 400
completely satisfactory, but for those who want to squeeze the most
out of their computers, FireWire 800 is the way to go.
- Link: Bare Feats
- Link: How Fast Does A USB 2.0 Drive Go, Bare Feats
- Link: USB 2.0 versus FireWire, TechTV
- Link: USB Is the Only Computing Standard That Works
Not sure if you should upgrade your old Mac or replace it? Check the Mac Daniel index to see if we've already addressed your problem.
Recent Mac Daniel columns
- Bringing G3 iMacs and other G3 Macs into the Tiger Age, Dan Knight, 12.07. Tips on hard drives, memory, WiFi, and getting Mac OS X 10.4 installed on G3 iMacs and other older G3 Macs.
- Multiple users on the same Mac at work, Dan Knight, 11.15. How to set up a Mac so multiple users can log in and use it - and use the same pool of work files.
- 1 working eMac from 2 broken ones, Dan Knight, 11.14. A pair of matching eMacs, each with a different failure, results in one working eMac and lots of leftovers.
- Problems running Classic mode in Tiger, Dan Knight, 11.08. After upgrading to Tiger, the old Classic installation stopped working. Where to find the pieces to get everything up to date.
- More in the Mac Daniel index.
Links for the Day
- Mac of the Day: 15" iMac G4/800 MHz, Jan. 2002 - The iMac is redesigned with a flat panel display and G4 CPU.
- Group of the Day: G4 List is for those using Power Mac G4s or G4 upgrades.
- January 7 in LEM history: 97: Mac OS 7.6 - 99: What color iMac do you want? - 00: S900 chronicles - 02: Who let the iMac out? - Expo keynote - iMac G4 - 14" iBook 600 - iCab fastest low-end browser - Addressing battery problems - 03: 12" PowerBook G4 - 17" PowerBook G4 - Changes in Jaguar - 04: Waiting for the tipping point - 05: Headless Mac an upgrade path for low end users - 08: Could OS X DRM drive users to Linux? - Netscape dead, but its children live on
Recent Content on Low End Mac
- Blackouts and Web Access, Death of a Kanga, the Future of PowerPC Macs, and More, Charles W. Moore, Miscellaneous Ramblings, 01.07. Also another email client suggestion and whether a G3 iMac can handle a 7200 rpm hard drive without overheating.
- How Netbooks Impact Microsoft and Apple, Tim Nash, Taking Back the Market, 01.07. Netbooks are keeping Windows XP alive, which may slow adoption of Windows 7, and perceived value keeps the Mac market share growing at the expense of Windows.
- The Ill-Fated Apple III, Jason Walsh, Apple Before the Mac, 01.07. "...not only was the Apple III mind crunchingly expensive, it was made with none of the passion of the Apple II or Macintosh."
- Apple III Chaos: Apple's First Failure, Joshua Coventry, Cortland, 01.07. Apple had known nothing but success with its Apple II product line, but when it tried to enter the business world with the Apple III, the learned the cost of failure.
- Apple's Worst Business Decisions: Another Perspective, Dan Knight, Mac Musings, 01.07. Apple's poor business decisions predate the Macintosh. Let's hope they learn from their mistakes.
- 2 Apple Failures: Apple III and Lisa, Tom Hormby, Orchard, 01.07. Apple's two not-so-great product lines between the Apple II line and the Macintosh.
- 17" Unibody MacBook Pro, 01.06. Thinner and lighter than ever, the unibody model tops out with 8 GB of RAM and a 2.93 GHz clock speed.
- Apple's Half-Baked Support for DisplayPort, Frank Fox, Stop the Noiz, 01.06. The DisplayPort specification supports audio, so why does Apple use USB to route sound to the LED Cinema Display?
- Adventures with an Overheating PowerBook, the 10.5.6 Update, and Other Things, Charles W. Moore, Miscellaneous Ramblings, 01.06. After three years of reliable service, the PowerBook began to run so hot that the fan was almost always on. What was causing the problem, and what would fix it?
- No, an Overgrown iPod touch Is Not a Netbook, Dan Knight, Mac Musings, 01.06. BlackBerry pretends its Storm is a netbook, but a netbook needs to be big enough for a typable keyboard.
- Apple IIe Nostalgia: A Reunion 15 Years in the Making, Tommy Thomas, Welcome to Macintosh, 01.06. Sometimes nostalgia is all you remembered, like when you get to recreate your first computing experience from the Apple II era.
- VisiCalc and the Rise of the Apple II, Tom Hormby, Orchard, 01.06. "VisiCalc was first released for the Apple II, which quickly became an invaluable tool for businesspeople - at least until IBM moved into the 'personal computing' market in 1981."
- Apples from Other Orchards: Apple II Clones, Joshua Coventry, Cortland, 01.06. Before the IBM PC spawned compatibles, companies around the world cloned the Apple II - some with more success than others.
- Interview with Dan Bricklin, Inventor of the Electronic Spreadsheet, Joshua Coventry, Cortland, 01.06. Until 1979, a spreadsheet was something you did by hand. VisiCalc changed all that and gave personal computers the first 'killer app'.
- 9.6% Mac Market Share, Quanta to Supply New iMac, New Mac mini a Go, Macintosh at 25, and More, Mac News Review, 01.05. Also what's missing from Apple's product line?, unattended online backup with MyOtherDrive, first USB 3.0 storage solutions, Find Any File, and more.
- Large Form iPod Coming?, Touch Screens a 'Huge Mistake', EarBud Yo-Yo, and More, iNews Review, 01.05. Also iPhone now at Walmart, iPhone trounces BlackBerry Storm for satisfaction, iPod video conversion software for Mac, and more.
- Intel's Quad-core Mobile CPU, Prevent OS X 10.5.6 Crashes, 'Netbook' Name Under Fire, and More, The 'Book Review, 01.05. Also the Age of the Notebook, build a cardboard laptop stand, MacBook reviews, bargain 'Books from $170 to $2,299, and more.
- Origin of the Apple I and Apple II Computers, Tom Hormby, Orchard, 01.05. From the first behemoth computers to the Apple II+, the computer that drove the personal computer revolution.
- Personal Computer History: The First 25 Years, Dan Knight, 01.05. A brief history of the first quarter-century of personal computing.
- Apple Has Always Been a Niche Player, Dan Knight, Mac Musings, 01.05. "Despite the myths, Apple has never been a dominant player in the personal computer industry."
- More links in our archive.
Recent Deals
- Best 17" MacBook Pro Deals, 01.07. Used 2.16 GHz Core Duo, $1,190; 2.33 Core 2, $1,400; 2.4, $1,799; refurb 2.33, $1,799; 2.5, $1,899; new, $1,900; refurb 2.6, $2,299.
- Best Power Mac G5 Deals, 01.07. Used 1.8 GHz single, $500; dual, $629, 2.0, $700; dual-core, $929; 2.3, $999; 2.5 dual, $900; 2.7, $1,089; 2.5 Quad, $1,399.
- Best iPod shuffle Deals, 01.07. Refurb 1 GB '07, $39 shipped; new, $43; '08, $45; refurb 2 GB '07, $59 shipped; new, $58; '08, $63.
- Best 15" MacBook Pro Deals, 01.06. Used 1.83 GHz, $900; 2.16, $1,090; 2.33, $1,295; new 2.4 Penryn, $1,350 after rebate; 2.5, $1,485 a/r; 2.6, $1,649; new 2.4 Unibody, $1,824 a/r.
- Best G3 iMac Deals, 01.06. Used 350 MHz CD, $42; 500 MHz, $59; 450 MHz DVD, $60; 600 MHz CD-RW, $200 shipped; 700 MHz Combo, $379 shipped.
- Best Mac OS X 10.5 'Leopard' Deals, 01.06. Mac OS X 10.5, single user, $104 shipped; 5 users, $148 shipped; 10.5 Server, 10 users, $363 shipped; unlimited users, $752 shipped.
- Best Power Mac G4 and AGP Video Card Deals, 01.05. Used 400 MHz, $50; 733, $166; 800, $199; 1 GHz, $290; 867 MHz dual, $200, 1 GHz, $300; 1.25, $450; 1.42, $599.
- Best classic iPod Deals, 01.05. Used 40 GB 4G, $135 shipped; new 80 GB iPod classic, $160 shipped; 120 GB, $225 shipped; refurb 160 GB, $249 shipped; new, $280 shipped.
- Best titanium PowerBook G4 Deals, 01.05. Used 400 MHz DVD, $320; 550 MHz, $480; 867 MHz Combo, $500; 1 GHz Combo, $590; SuperDrive, $900.
- More deals in our archive.
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